Lithium–sulfur (Li/S) batteries are one of the most promising alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries, as they offer a significantly higher theoretical energy density due to the high specific capacity of sulfur, along with advantages in terms of cost and abundance of raw materials.

Icephobic surfaces are of significant interest for the aeronautics, renewable energy, and refrigeration industries. These surfaces enhance the efficiency of such systems and ensure greater safety—one needs only to consider aircraft, which must operate reliably even under the most extreme weather conditions. Until now, the technology behind these surfaces has relied on coatings that can be fragile and prone to degradation over time.